The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture

The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture

by Robert Brody
The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture

The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture

by Robert Brody

Paperback(Updated)

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Overview

The Geonic period from about the late sixth to mid-eleventh centuries is of crucial importance in the history of Judaism. The Geonim, for whom this era is named, were the heads of the ancient talmudic academies of Babylonia. They gained ascendancy over the older Palestinian center of Judaism and were recognized as the leading religious and spiritual authorities by most of the world's Jewish population. The Geonim and their circles enshrined the Babylonian Talmud as the central canonical work of rabbinic literature and the leading guide to religious practice, and it was a predominantly Babylonian version of Judaism that was transplanted to newer centers of Judaism in North Africa and Europe. Robert Brody's book--the first survey in English of the Geonic period in almost a century--focuses on the cultural milieu of the Geonim and on their intellectual and literary creativity.

Brody describes the cultural spheres in which the Geonim were active and the historical and cultural settings within which they functioned. He emphasizes the challenges presented by other Jewish institutions and individuals, ranging from those within the Babylonian Jewish setting--especially the political leadership represented by the Exilarch--to the competing Palestinian Jewish center and to sectarian movements and freethinkers who rejected rabbinic authority altogether. He also describes the variety of ways in which the development of Geonic tradition was affected by the surrounding non-Jewish cultures, both Muslim and Christian.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780300189322
Publisher: Yale University Press
Publication date: 04/09/2013
Edition description: Updated
Pages: 416
Sales rank: 1,044,041
Product dimensions: 6.10(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Robert Brody is professor of Talmud at Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and a leading authority on Talmudic and Geonic literature.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Paperback Edition xi

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xxi

Introduction xxiii

List of Abbreviations xxvii

Part I The Historical Setting

1 Defining the Geonic Period 3

Savora'im and Geonim 4

The End of the Geonic Era 11

2 The Primary Sources 19

The Epistle of Sherira Gaon 20

The Account of Rabbi Nathan the Babylonian 26

The Importance of the Genizah 30

3 The Geonic Academies: Continuity and Change 35

Related Institutions 40

The Operation of the Academies 43

Positions and Power in the Academy 48

4 The Multifaceted Role of the Gaon 54

Head of the Academy 54

Judge 56

Administrator 58

Author of Responsa 60

Legal Innovator 62

Additional Roles 65

5 The Exilarchate 67

Sources of Authority 68

Rights and Responsibilities 71

Exilarchs and Geonim 75

The Decline of the Exilarchate 80

6 The Struggle against Heresy 83

'Anan and the Origins of Karaism 85

Issues of Contention between Karaites and Rabbanites 91

Rabbanite Reactions 96

7 Competition with the Palestinian Center 100

The Palestinian Center and Its Academy 101

Intellectual and Spiritual Life 105

Legal Tradition and Literature 109

The Babylonian Offensive 113

The Palestinian Riposte 121

8 Ties with the Diaspora 123

The Sphere of Babylonian Hegemony 123

Palestine and Egypt 126

The Maghreb 129

Europe 132

Part II The Classical Geonic Period

9 The Intellectual World of the Geonim 137

Knowledge of Languages 138

Areas of Interest 140

The Supernatural 142

Attitudes towards Authority 147

10 The Talmudic Sources 155

Oral versus Written Talmud 156

Interpretation and Application of the Talmud 161

Other Sources 166

11 Extra-Talmudic Oral Traditions 171

Formulaic Traditions 172

Other Halakhic Traditions 178

Aggadic and Historical Traditions 182

12 The Responsa Literature 185

Technical and Stylistic Aspects 186

The Fate of the Responsa 193

Problems of Identification and Attribution 197

13 The She'iltot 202

The Genre: Form and Structure 202

The She'iltot of R. Ahai 207

The Sources of the She'iltot 210

The Influence of the She'iltot 213

14 The Earliest Legal Codes 216

Halakhot Pesuqot 217

Halakhot Gedolot 223

The Impact of the Codes 230

Part III Se'adyah Gaon and After

15 Se'adyah Gaon, Revolutionary Champion of Tradition 235

Se'adyah's Career 235

Se'adyah as Revolutionary 239

Se'adyah as the Champion of Tradition 244

16 The Halakhic Monographs 249

General Characteristics of the Monographs 249

The Monographic Writings of Se'adyah Gaon 255

Monographs of Later Geonim 260

17 Talmudic Exegesis and Methodology 267

Commentaries on the Mishnah 267

Commentaries on the Talmud 270

Early Works on Talmudic Methodology 274

Sherira, Hayya, and Samuel b. Hofni 278

18 Theology 283

The Background to Geonic Theology 284

Se'adyah Gaon as Theologian 289

Samuel b. Hofni and Other Geonim 294

19 Biblical Exegesis 300

The Scope of Geonic Exegesis 301

Exegetical Principles 304

Theological and Polemical Dimensions 308

The Relationship between Talmudic and Geonic Exegesis 312

20 Linguistics and Poetry 316

Se'adyah Gaon as Linguist 317

Se'adyah as Poet 323

Hayya Gaon as Linguist and Poet 329

Epilogue 333

Appendix A Did the Geonim Enjoy Governmental Recognition? 337

Appendix B Chronology of the Geonim 341

Glossary 347

Bibliography 351

Supplemental Bibliography 377

Index 383

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