Table of Contents

I. Introduction 1. The Japanese system of technology and innovation preparing for the 21st century Martin Hemmert and Christian Oberländer II. Institutional Structure and Technology Policy 2. Restructuring basic, applied and developmental research: changes in allocation of R&D Tomohiro Watanabe and Akira Goto 3. The interaction between technology and economy: has the 'virtuous cycle' of Japan's technological innovation system collapsed? Chihiro Watanabe and Martin Hemmert III. Organization, Management, and Business-Government Relations 4. Higher education in Japan from the perspective of R&D Shin'ichi Yamamoto 5. Internationalizing Japanese science Brendan Barker 6. ERATO as an organizational innovation in Japanese basic research Ken Kusunoki 7. The Japanese business system from creation and diffusion of technological knowledge: time for change? Hiroyuki Odagiri 8. Reorganization of R&D in Japanese manufacturing firms: preserving competitiveness for the 21st century Martin Hemmert 9. Collaborative research in Japan and the West: a case-study of Britain's response to MITI's fifth generation computer initiative Tim Ray IV. Major Fields of Science and Technology 10. Research and development in Japan's pharmaceutical industry: the biological revolution, gene therapy and public policy Christian Oberländer 11. R&D consortia in the 1990s: national competitiveness and international cooperation in the case of semiconductors Koki Inoue 12. Japanese nanotechnology Tanya Sienko 13. Japanese R&D activities in advanced materials: the case of superconductivity research Michael Becht