Table of Contents

Part I Calcium in Childhood

1. Bone Mineral Density of the Skull and Lower Extremities During Growth and Calcium Supplementation

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

2. Calcium Retention in Adolescence as a Function of Calcium Intake: Influence of Race and Gender

Abstract

Introduction

Methods for Determining Calcium Retention and Metabolism

Racial Differences in Calcium Metabolism

Gender Differences in Calcium Metabolism

Further Directions

References

3. Longitudinal Study of Diet and Lifestyle Intervention on Bone Mineral Gain in School Children and Adolescents: Effects of Asian Traditional Diet and Sitting Style on Bone Mineral

Abstract

Introduction

Subjects and Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgment

References

4. A Co-Twin Calcium Intervention Trial in Premenarcheal Girls: Cortical Bone Effects by Hip Structural Analysis

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Statistical Analyses

Results

Discussion

References

5. Calcium Carbonate Supplementation is Associated with Higher Plasma IGF-1 in 16- to 18-Year-Old Boys and Girls

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part II Dairy Products, Calcium Metabolism

6. Nutrients, Interactions, and Foods: The Importance of Source

Introduction

Calcium and Diet Quality

Calcium and Protein

Phosphorus and Calcium

Conclusion

References

Part III Vitamins, Flavonoids

7. Vitamin K and Bone Health

Abstract

Introduction

Sites of Vitamin K Action

Similarities Between Calcium Metabolism in Bone and Arteries

Vitamin K Status and Bone Health

Vitamin K Status and Cardiovascular Health

Vitamin K Intervention Studies

Dietary Vitamin K Requirements for Bone and Vascular Health

Safety and Potential Adverse Side Effects of Vitamin K Supplements

References

8. Dietary Vitamin A is Negatively Related Density in Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

9. Hesperidin, a Citrus Flavanone, Improves Bone Acquisition and Prevents Skeletal Impairment in Rats

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

10. Vitamin B-Complex, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphism and Bone: Potential for Gene-Nutrient Interaction

Abstract

Introduction

What is the Role of Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase(MTHFR) Enzyme?

MTHFR Polymorphism

Vitamin B-Complex

Conclusions

References

Part IV Nutrition and Bone Health Miscellaneous

11. A Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Chromium Picolinate Supplementation on Indices of Bone and Calcium Metabolism in Healthy Women

Abstract

Subjects

Methods

Result

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

12. Nutrition and Teeth

Abstract

Introduction

Oral Bone Loss and Systemic Bone Mineral Density

Nutrition, Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss

Relationship of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Phosphorus to Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss

Conclusions

Summary

References

13. Cognitive Dietary Restraint, Cortisol and Bone Density in Normal-Weight Women: Is There a Relationship?

Abstract

Introduction

Possible Mechanism

Assessment of Dietary Restraint

Associations Between Dietary Restraint and Menstrual Disturbances

Associations Between Subclinical Menstrual Disturbances and Bone Loss

Associations Between Dietary Restraint and Cortisol

Association Between Dietary Restraint and Bone

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Part V Vitamin D—First Part

14. Functions of Vitamin D: Importance for Prevention of Common Cancers, Type 1 Diabetes and Heart Disease

Evolution of Vitamin D

Photosynthesis and Regulation of Previtamin D3

Vitamin D and Bone Health

Metabolism and Biologic Functions of Vitamin D Prevalence and Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency on Bone Health

Other Health Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency: Increased Risk of Autoimmune Diseases, Solid Tumors, and Cardiovascular Heart Disease

Clinical Applications for the Antiproliferative Activity of l,25(OH)2D3 and its Analogs

Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

15. Evidence for the Breakpoint of Normal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: Which Level Is Required in the Elderly?

Introduction

Assessing the Required Serum 25(OH)D Concentration

Evidence from Epidemiological and Intervention Studies

The Influence of Calcium Intake on Serum PTH and Vitamin D Metabolism

Staging of Vitamin D Deficiency

Conclusion

References

16. What is the Optimal Amount of Vitamin D for Osteoporosis?

Introduction

Vitamin D and Osteoporosis

Dosage Considerations

Hormonal l,25(OH)2D is not an Alternative to Nutritional Vitamin D

Summary

References

Part VI Vitamin D—Second Part

17. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the Health of the Calcium Economy

Introduction

Studies of Calcium Absorption

Osteoporotic Fractures

Comment

References

18. Defining Optimal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Younger and Older Adults Based on Hip Bone Mineral Density

Abstract

PTH Versus BMD in Threshold Assessment for Optimal 25-OHD Levels

Rationale for Assessment of Optimal 25-OHD in the Non-White Population

Methods Applied to Study the Association Between 25-OHD and BMD in a Population-Based Sample

Results

Discussion

References

19. Vitamin D Supplementation in Postmenopausal Black Women Improves Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Turnover in Three Months

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgment

References

20. Adherence to Vitamin D Supplementation in Elderly Patients After Hip Fracture

Introduction

Patients and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

21. Vitamin D Round Table

Introduction

What is the Optimal Level of 25(OH)D for the Skeleton and Why?

How Much Vitamin D3 is Needed to Reach the Optimal Level of 25(OH)D?

References

Part VII Acid Load From Food—First Part

22. Effects of Diet Acid Load on Bone Health

Abstract

Determinants of the Setpoint at which Blood Acidity and Plasma Bicarbonate Concentration are Regulated in Normal Subjects

Chronic Metabolic Acidosis and Bone Wasting

Plasma Acid-Base Balance and Diet Acid Load in Humans

Crossing the Neutral Zone

Implications for Further Research

Acknowledgments

References

23. Effect of Various Classes of Foodstuffs and Beverages of Vegetable Origin on Bone Metabolism in the Rat

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

What Should We Eat?

References

24. A Role for Fruit and Vegetables in Osteoporosis Prevention?

Abstract

Introduction

Importance of Acid-Base Homeostasis to Optimum Health

A Link Between Acid-Base Maintenance and Skeletal Integrity?

Acidity of Foods and Skeletal Health: Concept of Potential Renal Acid Loads

Positive Link Between Fruit and Vegetables, Alkali, and Bone Health: A Review of Current Evidence

Concept of NEAP and its Potential Impact on the Skeleton

Calcium/Alkali Supplements and Optimum Bone Health

Fruit and Vegetables and Bone: Exploring Other Important Factors

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Part VIII Acid Load From Food—Second Part

25. The Ovine Model for the Study of Dietary Acid Base, Estrogen Depletion and Bone Health

Abstract

Introduction

Background and Significance

The Influence of Dietary Strong Ions

Determination of Dietary Acid Load

The Dairy Connection

Preliminary Studies

Effect of a Diet Low in Cation-Anion Balance on Bone Mineral Density in Mature Ovariectomized Ewes

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

26. The Natural Dietary Potassium Intake of Humans: The Effect of Diet-Induced Potassium-Replete, Chloride-Sufficient, Chronic Low-Grade Metabolic Alkalosis, or Stone Age Diets for the 21st Century

Abstract

Ancestral Dietary Patterns

Ancestral Potassium Intakes

Acid-Base Relationship to Bone Health and Bone Mineral Density

Conclusions

Implications for Further Research

Acknowledgments

References

Part IX Protein

27. N-Acetyl Cysteine Supplementation of Growing Mice: Effects on Skeletal Size, Bone Mineral Density, and Serum IGF-I

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

References

28. Dietary Protein Intakes and Bone Strength

Introduction

Dietary Protein and Bone Mass Gain

Dietary Protein and Bone Mineral Mass

Dietary Protein and Bone Homeostasis

Effects of Correcting Protein Insufficiency

Dietary Protein and Fracture Risk

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

29. Dietary Protein and the Skeleton

Abstract

Dietary Protein and Serum IGF-1

Protein and Acid-Base Balance

Protein and Urine Calcium Excretion

Protein and Calcium Absorption

Dietary Protein and Bone Turnover

Protein, Bone Loss, and Fractures

Potential Impact of Calcium Intake on Link Between Protein and Bone

References

Part X Protein—Mineral Water

30. Milk Basic Protein Increases Bone Mineral Density and Improves Bone Metabolism in Humans

Abstract

Introduction

Human Study 1

Human Study 2

Conclusion

References

31. Dietary Balance in Physically Active and Inactive Girls

Abstract

Introduction

AIMS

Subjects and Methods

Results

Discussion

References

32. Mineral Waters: Effects on Bone and Bone Metabolism

Introduction

Calcium

Sodium

Sulfates

Carbonated Beverages

Fluoride

Acid Load

Alkaline Load

Potassium

Conclusions

References

Index