Table of Contents
National Audubon Society Trees of North America
Introduction 6
About National Audubon Society 6
Names and Classification of Trees 6
Division 6
Functions of a Tree 7
Ecology 7
Human Use and Personal Value 8
Fall Leaf Color 8
Identification 9
Leaves and Leaf Shapes 9
Wood and Bark 11
Roots 12
Flowers and Fruits 13
Conservation 14
Tree Biology Topics 15
Tree Classification-What Is a Tree? 15
Forest Regeneration and Reproduction 16
The Evolution of Trees 19
Defining Forested Ecosystems 20
What Tree Where? 21
Plant Communication 23
Threats to Trees and Forests 25
The Trees of North America
Pinales 28
Pine family 28
Cupressales 93
Monkey-puzzle family 93
Cypress family 95
Yew family 123
Other Gymnosperms 127
Zamiad family 127
Ginkgo family 128
Austrobaileyales 129
Star-anise family 129
Magnoliales 130
Magnolia family 130
Custard-apple family 140
Laurales 142
Laurel family 142
Arecales 148
Palm family 148
Ranunculales 161
Poppy family 161
Proteales 162
Sycamore family 162
Saxifragales 166
Sweetgum family 166
Witch-hazel family 167
Katsura-tree family 168
Zygophyllales 169
Caltrop family 169
Fabales 171
Pea family 171
Bay-cedar family 200
Rosales 201
Rose family 201
Oleaster family 249
Buckthorn family 252
Elm family 259
Mulberry family 268
Fagales 275
Beech family 275
Wax-myrtle family 328
Walnut family 331
Australian-pine family 343
Birch family 344
Celastrales 366
Staff Tree family 366
Malpighiales 367
Red Mangrove family 367
Malpighia family 368
Coco-plum family 369
Willow family 370
Spurge family 394
Myrtales 395
White Mangrove family 395
Loosestrife family 398
Myrtle family 399
Crossosomatales 401
Bladdernut family 401
Sapindales 402
Torchwood family 402
Cashew family 404
Soapberry family 417
Citrus family 445
Quassia family 452
Mahogany family 453
Malvales 455
Mallow family 455
Brassicales 461
Papaya family 461
Caper family 462
Caryophyllales 463
Tamarisk family 463
Buckwheat family 464
Cornales 466
Dogwood family 466
Ericales 477
Ocotillo family 477
Sapodilla family 478
Ebony family 482
Primrose family 484
Tea family 487
Sweetleaf family 489
Snowbell family 490
Clethra family 494
Cyrilla family 496
Health family 497
Garryales 513
Silktassel family 513
Gentianales 514
Madder family 514
Boraginales 517
Borage family 517
Solanales 518
Nightshade family 518
Lamiales 520
Olive family 520
Acanthus family 538
Trumpet Creeper family 539
Mint family 543
Figwort family 545
Aquifoliales 546
Holly family 546
Asterales 556
Aster family 556
Dipsacaless 558
Moschatel family 558
Apiales 567
Ginseng family 567
Tree Families 568
Glossary 580
Index 584
Photography Credits 589
Acknowledgments 591