Table of Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgments vi
How to Use This Book vii
1 Fuel Metabolism and Nutrition: Basic Principles 1
Overview 1
I Metabolic Fuels and Dietary Components 1
II The Fed or Absorptive State 5
III Fasting 7
IV Prolonged Fasting (Starvation) 9
Review Test 12
2 Basic Aspects of Biochemistry: Organic Chemistry, Acid-Base Chemistry, Amino Acids, Protein Structure and Function, and Enzyme Kinetics 20
Overview 20
I A Brief Review of Organic Chemistry 20
II Acids, Bases, and Buffers 21
III Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds 23
IV Protein Structure 26
V Enzymes 35
Review Test 40
3 Gene Expression (Transcription), Synthesis of Proteins (Translation), and Regulation of Gene Expression 52
Overview 52
I Nucleic Acid Structure 53
II Synthesis of DNA (Replication) 59
III Synthesis of RNA (Transcription) 66
IV Protein Synthesis (Translation of mRNA) 70
V Regulation of Protein Synthesis 77
VI Recombinant DNA and Medicine 86
Review Test 96
4 Cell Biology, Signal Transduction, and the Molecular Biology of Cancer 109
Overview 109
I Compartmentation in Cells: Cell Biology and Biochemistry 110
II Cell Signaling by Chemical Messengers 116
III The Molecular Biology of Cancer 125
IV Cancer and Apoptosis 131
V Cancer Requires Multiple Mutations 132
VI Viruses and Human Cancer 133
Review Test 134
5 Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels and Oxygen Toxicity 145
Overview 145
I Bioenergetics 145
II Properties of Adenosine Triphosphate 147
III Electron Carriers and Vitamins 148
IV Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 155
V Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 160
VI Oxygen Toxicity and Free-Radical Injury 165
6 Carbohydrate Metabolism 181
Overview 181
I Carbohydrate Structure 181
II Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids 185
III Digestion of Carbohydrates 188
IV Glycogen Structure and Metabolism 190
V Glycolysis 197
VI Gluconeogenesis 205
VII Fructose and Galactose Metabolism 210
VIII Pentose Phosphate Pathway 213
IX Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels 216
Review Test 220
7 Lipid and Ethanol Metabolism 230
Overview 230
I Lipid Structure 232
II Membranes 233
III Digestion of Dietary Triacylglycerol 234
IV Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Synthesis 236
V Formation of Triacylglycerol Stores in Adipose Tissue 242
VI Cholesterol and Bile Salt Metabolism 243
VII Blood Lipoproteins 246
VIII Fate of Adipose Triacylglycerols 251
IX Fatty Acid Oxidation 252
X Ketone Body Synthesis and Utilization 257
XI Phospholipid and Sphingolipid Metabolism 259
XII Metabolism of the Eicosanoids 262
XIII Ethanol Metabolism 264
Review Test 267
8 Nitrogen Metabolism: Amino Acids, Purines, Pyrimidines, and Products Derived from Amino Acids 277
Overview 277
I Protein Digestion and Amino Acid Absorption 278
II Addition and Removal of Amino Acid Nitrogen 280
III Urea Cycle 282
IV Synthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids 284
V Interrelationships of Various Tissues in Amino Acid Metabolism 292
VI Tetrahydrofolate, Vitamin B12, and S-Adenosylmethionine 296
VII Special Products Derived from Amino Acids 299
Review Test 311
9 Molecular Endocrinology and an Overview of Tissue Metabolism 323
Overview 323
I Synthesis of Hormones 323
II General Mechanisms of Hormone Action 327
III Regulation of Hormone Levels 327
IV Actions of Specific Hormones 328
V Biochemical Functions of Tissues 338
Review Test 347
10 Human Genetics-An Introduction 356
Overview 356
I Mendelian Inheritance Patterns 357
II Genes 357
III Mutations 358
IV Inheritance Patterns 359
V A Summary of Inheritance Patterns 364
VI Cytogenetics 365
VII Population Genetics 370
VIII Multifactorial Diseases (Complex Traits) 370
IX Triplet Repeat Expansions 371
X Imprinting 371
XI Epigenetics 373
XII The Genetics of Tumor Suppressors 373
XIII Metabolic Genetic Disorders Involving Carbohydrate and Lipid Pathways 375
Review Test 376
Comprehensive Examination 385
Index 427
